He studied at the Isamboul Artillery School, graduating as a lieutenant in 1903. He was AtatŸrk's right-hand man and confidant, who considered him too statist in the economic sphere and too passive in politics. In 1937, he resigned, but became President of the Republic a year later following AtatŸrk's death.During the Second World War, he maintained Turkey's neutrality. Despite his image as a dictator, he authorized the creation of political parties.Card signed; accompanying letter and envelope dated 15.11.1947 with a photograph included.