Central Europe, northern Italy, Villanovan culture, ca. 9th to 8th century BCE; Tuscany, Etruscan culture, ca. 7th century BCE. A collection of 4 massive cast bronze fibulae brooches, some with catch plates and curving arcs somewhat reminiscent of bows, boats, and/or leeches, hence the name "navicella" or "sanguisuga" brooches. Fibulae such as these are found almost exclusively in the graves of women from the later Villanovan and Etruscan period, although the Greeks seems to have imitated the Etruscan examples in the 7th century BCE. Size of largest: 4" L x 1" W (10.2 cm x 2.5 cm)

Provenance: East Coast collection, New York Gallery, New York City, New York, USA, acquired before 2010

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#176082

Missing pins and portions of clasp on all. Heavy mineral encrustations and green patina. Clear fixative coating added to areas to prevent flaking. No repairs.