A MAGNIFICENT CHANUKAH LAMP BY KOZLO. Kielce, c. 1840. Gilded back plate. Decorated with a stag, a lion, a griffon, two sea serpents and a grapevine. Kielce was a town in southern Poland that at one time was governed by Krakow. During the 18th century, the bishops of Krakow forbid Jews to settle in Kielce. By 1833 Jews started moving in and by 1861 there were 31 Jewish families. In 1870 there were 992 people indentified as Jews. However, by the turn of the century, Jews comprised 30% of the local population with most workers engaged in commerce or artisan crafts. At the time of World War II, there were 18,000 Jews (37% of the population) there. During the war, the Germans created a ghetto in Kielce. In addition, there were two pogroms against the Jews, one in 1918 after the Jews held a rally demanding cultural autonomy and during which four Jews were killed. The second pogrom took place in 1946, after the war, when 42 Jewish refugees were killed while Polish troops indifferently stood by. 9.3” wide.