"Bond of the State of California for War Indebtedness in Conformity with An Act Authorizing the Treasurer of State to Issue Bonds for the payment of expenses incurred in the suppression of Indian Hostilities in Certain Counties in This State, Approved April 25th, 1857." No. 178 issued for $500 on Aug. 25th, 1857. Reverse indicates it is issued to AH Brown for Nathaniel T. Cutler. Signed by Treasurer Jas. English, Controller Whitman and Governor J. Neely Johnson (on the reverse). Pen cancelled. Black border and print on thin paper with Native American and allegorical vignettes. Fishbourne's Litho., SF. 6.25 x 13" Folds, creases, some staining. Attached to the back of the certificate is a State of California form from 1877 saying Wells Fargo & Co. are surrendering this bond. _x005F
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The California Indian Wars were a series of wars, battles, and massacres between the United States Army (or often the California State Militia, especially during the early 1850s), and the Indigenous peoples of California. The wars lasted from 1850, immediately after Alta California, acquired during the Mexican-American War, became the state of California, to 1880 when the last minor military operation on the Colorado River ended the Calloway Affair of 1880. On April 22, 1850, the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians was passed by the legislature of California. This allowed settlers to continue the Californio practice of capturing and using Native people as forced workers. It also provided the basis for the enslavement and trafficking in Native American labor, particularly that of young women and children. Raids on villages were made to supply the demand, the young women and children were carried off to be sold, the men and remaining people often being killed. This practice did much to destroy Native tribes during the California Gold Rush._x005F
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Governor John Neely Johnson was California's 4th governor (1856-58), following John Bigler. He was sworn in at age 30, making him the youngest governor in California's history. He was in charge during the Vigilance Committee uprising in 1856, and instructed General Sherman to call the California Militia to San Francisco on June 2, as well as issued a gubernatorial proclamation declaring San Francisco in a state of insurrection the following day. It was not enforced. This crisis overshadowed the rest of his term. After leaving office, he headed to Utah Territory (soon to become Nevada). In 1863, Johnson was elected to the Nevada Constitutional Convention in Carson City. The following year, he was elected as Convention President. In 1867, Nevada governor Henry G. Blasdel appointed Johnson to the Nevada Supreme Court. Johnson served until 1871.Date: 1857Country (if not USA): State: CaliforniaCity: Provenance: