SAVOY Charles Albert of King of Sardinia Italy(Turin, 1798 - Porto, 1849). In 1800, he was sent to boarding school in Geneva with Vaucher, a disciple of J.-J. Rousseau, then to the LycŽe de Bourges and finally to Paris, where he was influenced by revolutionary ideas. In 1814, he was appointed second lieutenant by Napoleon 1st. After the Congress of Vienna, he retired to his lands. In 1831, on the death of the King of Sardinia, he succeeded him. He encouraged the arts and sciences.Autograph letter signed dated Eiya, 14.08.1823:"É je suis tous les jours plus heureux d'tre auprs de Monseigneur le Duc d'AngoulmeÉ".VICTOR EMMANUEL II King of Italy Italy(Naples, 1869 - Alexandria, 1947) King of Italy from 29.07.1900 after his father's assassination to 29.05.1946 just before the proclamation of the Republic. During the First World War, he supported Italy's position of neutrality. In the economic and political crisis of the interwar period, the country experienced a series of economic and social crises that the government was unable to contain, bringing the facists to power. On 10.30.1922, he asked Mussolini to form a new government. Against the King's advice, Mussolini made a deal with Hitler. On 26.07.1943, the King had Mussolini arrested. After the armistice, the King left Rome and abdicated in favor of his son. He died in exile in Egypt.Document signed and dated 14.07.1927, transferring infantry Captain MENZIO Clemente to the General Staff on July 1, 1927. Signed by King Victor Emmanuel III and Mussolini. GRONCHI Giovanni President of the Republic Italy(Pontedera, 1887 - 1978). From 1911 to 1915, he taught literature and philosophy in Parma, Bergamo and Monza. He was elected deputy and became under-secretary for industry and commerce under Mussolini. From 1926 to 1944, he returned to private life. Elected Minister, then Chairman of his party's parliamentary group, in 1948 he became President of the Chamber of Deputies, and in 1955 President of the Republic.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16 and dated August 1955 to Paul Langer; envelope 12.01.1956.DE NICOLA Enrico President of the Republic Italy(Naples, 1877 - Torre del Greco, 1959). He was a lawyer, journalist and politician. On June 28, 1946, he became the provisional head of the Italian State, at which time the Constituion was established until 1948, when a President of the Republic was elected.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16 and dated Rome, 15.01.1943 to Paul Langer; accompanying letter.ORLANDO Vittorio Emanuele President of the Council Italy(Palermo, 1860 - Rome, 1952). Professor of law at the University of Palermo. Appointed Prime Minister on October 30, 1917. At the Treaty of Versailles, he did not obtain all the territorial concessions desired in the wake of the Allied victory. He left the conference. This weakened his position. On 23.06.1919, he resigned. In 1944, following the fall of Mussolini, he returned and was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies. A candidate for the Presidency of the Republic, he was ousted by Einaudi.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16, to Paul Langer.EINAUDI Luigi President of the Republic Italy(Carr, Cuneo, 1874 - Rome, 1961). Professor of finance from 1902. Governor of the Bank of Italy from 1945 to 1948. President of the Italian Republic from 1948 to 1955.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16 and dated Rome 21.10.1948 to Paul Langer; envelope.MARIE JOSE Queen of Italy Italy(Ostend, 1906 - Geneva, 2001). Daughter of Albert I of Belgium. Marie-JosŽ Charlotte Sophie AmŽlie Henriette de Saxe- Cobourg-et-Gotha. She studied piano and violin, and had a passion for sports. She founded a music competition in her name. In 1930, she married the Crown Prince of Italy. They had four children. She reigned alongside her husband for 24 days. In 1947, the couple separated and she went into exile at Ch‰teau de Merlinge near Geneva.Autograph letter signed and dated 18.08.1954 to Paul Langer,; Autograph letter signed:"É avez-vous reu une rŽponse ˆ votre lettre ˆ BaudoinÉ".NIGRA Constantino Ambassador Italy(Villa Castelnuovo, 1828 - Rapallo, 1907). Studied law at Turin University, but also wrote poetry. He was Italian ambassador to Paris, St. Petersburg, London and Vienna. He refused the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was appointed Count in 1882, then Senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1890.Autograph letter signed dated Vienne, 20.05.1886: "É M. Joubert qui m'annonce son arrivŽe ˆ Vienne, non pas pour ce soir, mais pour demain soir vendrediÉ".CADORNA Raffaele General Italyson of Luigi, Count (Pallanza, 1889 - Rome, 1973). During the First World War, he was promoted lieutenant, then captain. He was a member of the inter-allied military commission responsible for drawing up borders with Germany. He was military attachŽ in Prague. During the Second World War, he organized the resistance against the German occupying forces. In 1945, he was appointed head of the Royal Army, from which he resigned in 1947.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard; Autograph letter signed and dated 22.10.1946: "É je suis simplement GŽnŽral et pas MarŽchalÉ".DE GASPERI Alcide Politician Italy(Pieve Tesino, 1881 - Sella di Valsugana, 1954). From 1945 to 1953, he was Italian Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was an active campaigner for European unification. He promoted initiatives for the integration of Western Europe. He worked on the Marshall Plan and supported the Schumann Plan.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16, to Paul Langer.CROCE Benedetto Italian politician(Pescasseroli, 1866 - Naples, 1952). In 1883, he lost his parents and sisters in an earthquake. He left for Rome, where he studied law. He returned to Naples to write on all contemporary subjects. He then traveled all over Europe. In 1896, he entered cultural life with the publication of a book that attempted to demonstrate the superiority of the arts over the natural sciences. In 1910, he was appointed Senator for life by the King. In 1920-21, he was Minister of Public Instruction, and during the Fascist period he lived in isolation. After the war, he was minister without portfolio and a member of the Constituent Assembly.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16, to Paul Langer 1948.GRAZIANI Rodolfo Minister Italy(Filettino, 1882 - Rome, 1955). In 1930, he was vice-governor of Cyrenaica, then, two years later, corps general and took part in the conquest of Ethiopia, becoming its viceroy. In 1939, he commanded the Po army, then the troops in Libya. Allied to Mussolini's second government, he was Minister of War. Taken prisoner by the Allies, he was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment and released in 1950. Three years later, he joined the neo-facist social movement. He had learned nothing.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16 and dated Rome, 1952 to Paul Langer.SFORZA Carlo Minister ItalyCount (Lucca, 1872 - Rome, 1952) A liberal monarchist diplomat, he was a leading moral figure in Italy's Fascist opposition. Foreign Minister, he resigned in 1922 to oppose Mussolini's rise to power. He lived in Belgium, then the United States, where he was appointed leader of the Italian anti-fascists. Returning to Italy in 1947, he was once again Foreign Minister. Pro-European, he led Italy with de Gasperi to the Council of Europe and signed the ECSC treaty.Signed printed photograph applied to cardboard in-16 and dated Rome, 04.11.1947 to Paul Langer; accompanying letter; envelope.